{"id":2820,"date":"2022-02-02T19:43:39","date_gmt":"2022-02-02T19:43:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wansait.com\/nicuilie\/?p=2820"},"modified":"2022-02-02T19:43:39","modified_gmt":"2022-02-02T19:43:39","slug":"rolul-jucat-de-bursele-internationale-de-studii-in-istoria-invatamantului-din-romania-de-la-pasopt-pana-astazi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wansait.com\/nicuilie\/rolul-jucat-de-bursele-internationale-de-studii-in-istoria-invatamantului-din-romania-de-la-pasopt-pana-astazi\/","title":{"rendered":"Rolul jucat de bursele interna\u021bionale de studii \u00een istoria \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntului din Rom\u00e2nia de la pa\u0219opt p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00cen ce prive\u0219te educa\u021bia, fondatorii statului modern au avut avantajul deschiz\u0103torului de drum, iar ac\u021biunile de ini\u021biere \u0219i democratizare ale \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntului au avut un efect mult mai clar m\u0103surabil. Eforia \u0219coalelor<\/strong>, \u00eenfiin\u021bat\u0103 prin Regulamentul organic, a avut \u00eentre atribu\u021bii formarea formatorilor. Bursele pentru studii \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate au fost acordate ini\u021bial c\u00e2torva zeci de tineri \u0219i continuate p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een primii ani din secolul 20, c\u00e2nd num\u0103rul burselor de stat \u0219i private pentru studen\u021bi ajungea la 1500, acestora ad\u0103ug\u00e2ndu-li-se p\u00e2n\u0103 la 600 de burse pentru \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntul mediu \u2013 licee de b\u0103ie\u021bi \u0219i \u0219coli de fete, dup\u0103 cum noteaz\u0103 fostul ministru al comer\u021bului, Nicolae Xenopol, \u00een \u201eLa richesse de la Roumanie\u201d, 1916. Sunt date mai pu\u021bin cunoscute pentru c\u0103 ele contravin imaginii de popor care s-a n\u0103scut pe sine \u00eensu\u0219i, pe care a promovat-o ideologia na\u021bional-comunist\u0103 \u0219i care \u00eenc\u0103 marcheaz\u0103 imaginea identitar\u0103 a rom\u00e2nilor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Efectul burselor interna\u021bionale<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Aceast\u0103 conectare permanent\u0103, prin bursele de studiu interna\u021bionale, a educa\u021biei din Rom\u00e2nia cu cea din Europa apusean\u0103 avea for\u021ba unei reforme permanente, p\u0103str\u00e2nd programele, tehnicile \u0219i con\u021binuturile educa\u021bionale \u00een pas cu cele din Fran\u021ba, Italia, Germania, Austria \u0219i Belgia, asigur\u00e2nd up-datarea sistemului de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt \u0219i conservarea competitivit\u0103\u021bii. Ele au avut un impact esen\u021bial asupra educa\u021biei, economiei, politicii, artelor, dezvolt\u0103rii sociale. Bursierii interna\u021bionali au reprezentat primele genera\u021bii de profesori \u0219i de practicieni din domeniul juridic, al literelor, din cel militar \u0219i cel medical \u0219i au fost cei care au smuls Principatele din evul mediu. Ulterior, \u00eenfiin\u021barea masiv\u0103 a institu\u021biilor de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt de toate gradele, de la \u0219coli rurale la universit\u0103\u021bi, a transformat inimaginabil, \u00een decurs de c\u00e2teva decenii, societatea rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 (predominant pe cea urban\u0103) \u0219i a reprezentat primul efort public pentru dezvoltare local\u0103 \u0219i regional\u0103. \u00cens\u0103 nu trebuie neglijat nici c\u0103 multe dintre \u0219coli vizau performan\u021be deosebit de reduse, iar descrierea \u0219colilor rurale \u2013 o sal\u0103, o tabl\u0103, un steag \u2013, valabil\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 dup\u0103 al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial, descrie incapacitatea Rom\u00e2niei de a oferi un \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt modern \u0219i de calitate pentru cea mai mare parte a popula\u021biei. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rigidizarea \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntului rom\u00e2nesc<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ritmul de cre\u0219tere a capacit\u0103\u021bii de \u0219colarizare \u0219i a calit\u0103\u021bii oferite a fost inferior dezvolt\u0103rii demografice. El cauza, nu efectul, evolu\u021biei sinuoase a economiei, care ajunge s\u0103 decad\u0103 \u00een 1947 p\u00e2n\u0103 la nivelul din 1920. O istorie a educa\u021biei \u00een tot acest timp arat\u0103 c\u0103, dup\u0103 Marea Unire, Rom\u00e2nia a abandonat preocuparea de a-\u0219i actualiza \u0219i dinamiza sistemul \u0219colar. Reformele lui Haret \u0219i Poni, din perioada 1880-1900, au continuat s\u0103 calibreze \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntul interbelic, cu minime eforturi de adaptare a acestuia la noul peisaj demografic \u0219i tehnologic de dup\u0103 1919. \u00cen acest context, f\u0103r\u0103 a neglija caracterul criminal al regimului comunist, evident \u0219i \u00een \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt, prin epurarea cadrelor didactice \u0219i a studen\u021bilor, reformele comuniste din 1958 \u0219i 1972 au avut, per ansamblu, un impact pozitiv asupra \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntului \u0219i asupra dezvolt\u0103rii sociale. S-a l\u0103rgit foarte mult accesul la educa\u021bie \u0219i s-au eliminat discrimin\u0103rile de gen, iar \u0219coala a devenit un factor de incluziune social\u0103. De asemenea, predominant \u00een disciplinele tehnice, s-a produs o actualizare a programelor de studii. Totu\u0219i, pentru c\u0103 at\u00e2t \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntul, c\u00e2t \u0219i economia erau subordonate ideologiei, competitivitatea nu s-a aflat dec\u00e2t accidental printre obiective. Situa\u021bia s-a agravat c\u00e2nd, de la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor 1970, \u00een Rom\u00e2nia ritmul cre\u0219terii capacit\u0103\u021bilor de produc\u021bie a fost surclasat de cel al form\u0103rii for\u021bei de munc\u0103. Cu toate acestea, educa\u021bia a continuat \u00een acela\u0219i sistem: puternic ideologizat, cu un num\u0103r redus de absolven\u021bi de studii superioare \u0219i cu dezvoltarea marcat tehnologic\u0103. \u0218omajul a fost mascat prin \u00eencadrarea for\u021bat\u0103 \u00een \u00eentreprinderile existente, sacrific\u00e2nd orice no\u021biune de randament economic \u0219i orice corela\u021bie \u00eentre cerere \u0219i ofert\u0103. \u00cen esen\u021b\u0103, ultimele decenii ale comunismului nu doar c\u0103 nu au adus o ajustare de competitivitate a educa\u021biei \u00een raport cu realit\u0103\u021bile economice, ci au denaturat economia pentru a ascunde proastele decizii din managementul resurselor umane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reluarea burselor interna\u021bionale dup\u0103 1990<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Preaderarea la Uniunea European\u0103 a deschis accesul studen\u021bilor rom\u00e2ni \u00een programe de mobilitate, cel mai important fiind Erasmus. F\u0103r\u0103 a fi nicidecum reduse la mobilitatea elevilor, studen\u021bilor \u0219i a cadrelor didactice, programul Erasmus \u0219i apoi programele Erasmus plus a reprezentat prima cale de reconectare a \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntului rom\u00e2nesc la cel occidental.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dup\u0103 aderarea la Uniunea European\u0103, studen\u021bii rom\u00e2ni au avut posibilitatea de a aplica la programul de burse ale universit\u0103\u021bilor din Fran\u021ba, Marea Britanie, Olanda, Germania etc. Num\u0103rul studen\u021bilor rom\u00e2ni a ajuns la c\u00e2teva zeci de mii. Cu toate acestea, mobilitatea studen\u021bilor rom\u00e2ni r\u0103m\u00e2ne destul de limitat\u0103 – doar 5% din num\u0103rul total de studen\u021bi, sub media european\u0103. \u00cens\u0103 nu chiar la coada clasamentului. Dintre statele membre UE, Luxemburg a avut cea mai mare pondere a studen\u021bilor care urmeaz\u0103 cursuri universitare \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate (48%), urmeaz\u0103 de Cipru (24%), Austria (18%), Cehia (14%) \u0219i \u021a\u0103rile de Jos (12%). De asemenea, dup\u0103 1990 a fost posibil accesul studen\u021bilor rom\u00e2ni \u00een universit\u0103\u021bile americane, Statele Unite fiind cel mai important furnizor interna\u021bional de educa\u021bie superioar\u0103. Jum\u0103tate dintre studen\u021bii interna\u021bionali urmeaz\u0103 cursuri ale unor universit\u0103\u021bi din SUA, Marea Britanie, Germania, Fran\u021ba \u0219i Italia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dac\u0103 \u00een perioada antebelic\u0103 \u0219i \u00een cea interbelic\u0103, statul rom\u00e2n era cel care pl\u0103tea pentru studiile rom\u00e2nilor \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate, dup\u0103 aderarea la Uniunea European\u0103 studen\u021bii acceseaz\u0103 programe \u0219i granturi finan\u021bate de \u021b\u0103rile-gazd\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pentru elevii \u0219i studen\u021bii rom\u00e2ni sunt mai multe situa\u021bii de acces \u00een \u0219coli \u0219i universit\u0103\u021bi din str\u0103in\u0103tate. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, datele care descriu fenomenul au \u00een vedere elevii \u0219i studen\u021bii reziden\u021bi \u00een Rom\u00e2nia. Dar o categorie deja foarte numeroas\u0103 este cea a copiilor proveni\u021bi din familii care s-au stabilit \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate \u0219i care urmeaz\u0103 acolo toate ciclurile de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt, nu doar cel superior. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen toate cazurile, problema cea mai important\u0103 o reprezint\u0103 propor\u021bia foarte mic\u0103 \u00een care ace\u0219tia se repatriaz\u0103 la terminarea studiilor. De asemenea, \u00een multe dintre cazurile \u00een care ei s-au \u00eentors \u00een Rom\u00e2nia la finalul studiilor, nu s-au putut adapta vie\u021bii politice \u0219i economice de aici. C\u00e2\u021biva \u0219i-au g\u0103sit de lucru \u00een companiile private sau \u0219i-au deschis propriile companii. \u00cens\u0103 integrarea lor \u00een institu\u021bii de stat s-a dovedit \u0219i \u00eenc\u0103 se dovede\u0219te foarte dificil\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Articolul folose\u0219te largi extrase din dosarul \u201e\u00cen punctul orb\u201d, publicat \u00een revista Cultura. Vezi articolul integral<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cen ce prive\u0219te educa\u021bia, fondatorii statului modern au avut avantajul deschiz\u0103torului de drum, iar ac\u021biunile de ini\u021biere \u0219i democratizare ale \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntului au avut un efect mult mai clar m\u0103surabil. Eforia \u0219coalelor, \u00eenfiin\u021bat\u0103 prin Regulamentul organic, a avut \u00eentre atribu\u021bii formarea formatorilor. Bursele pentru studii \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate au fost acordate ini\u021bial c\u00e2torva zeci de tineri \u0219i continuate p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een primii ani […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2821,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2820","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-recomandari"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/wansait.com\/nicuilie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/eurostat-studenti-in-strainatate.webp","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pa83eN-Ju","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1552,"url":"https:\/\/wansait.com\/nicuilie\/criza-ca-o-ceapa\/","url_meta":{"origin":2820,"position":0},"title":"Criza ca o ceapa","author":"Nicu Ilie","date":"august 12, 2011","format":false,"excerpt":"E greu de crezut ca o criza de vara va ajunge in forta si in toamna, cand oamenii vin cu chef de munca din vacanta. Prabusirea burselor internationale, urmare a retrogradarii ratingului de tara al Americii, este putin probabil sa devina una cronica din mai multe motive: in primul rand\u2026","rel":"","context":"\u00cen \u201eProfetiile lui Ilie\u201d","block_context":{"text":"Profetiile lui Ilie","link":"https:\/\/wansait.com\/nicuilie\/category\/profetiile-lui-ilie\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nicuilie.regionis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/08\/monitoare.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nicuilie.regionis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/08\/monitoare.jpg?resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nicuilie.regionis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/08\/monitoare.jpg?resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":46,"url":"https:\/\/wansait.com\/nicuilie\/exportul-de-civilizatie\/","url_meta":{"origin":2820,"position":1},"title":"Exportul de civilizatie","author":"Nicu Ilie","date":"iunie 29, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"Nicu Ilie Incep pentru a cincea oara sa scriu acest text: si nu din vina mea, ci a lui Lenin. El a fost inconsecvent, prost si rau intentionat atunci cand a impus termenul de \u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c5\u00beimperialism\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c5\u201c. I-a dat prea multe sensuri, a facut trimitere la prea multe realitati incongruente, l-a simplificat,\u2026","rel":"","context":"\u00cen \u201eEseu\u201d","block_context":{"text":"Eseu","link":"https:\/\/wansait.com\/nicuilie\/category\/eseu\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2845,"url":"https:\/\/wansait.com\/nicuilie\/de-ce-reformele-educatiei-sunt-sortite-esecului\/","url_meta":{"origin":2820,"position":2},"title":"De ce reformele Educa\u021biei sunt sortite e\u0219ecului","author":"Nicu Ilie","date":"ianuarie 5, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Extrase din articolul O \u0219coal\u0103 care li se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 copiilor, ap\u0103rut \u00een revista CULTURA https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/o-scoala-care-li-se-intampla-copiilor\/ Reformele educa\u021biei s-au derulat \u00een ritm alert (\u0219i confuz) dup\u0103 1990. \u00cen ciuda acestora, indicatorii de baz\u0103 arat\u0103 o sc\u0103dere a calit\u0103\u021bii intrinseci a \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntului (analfabetism func\u021bional \u2013 literar \u0219i \u0219tiin\u021bific, abandon \u0219colar, rezultate slabe\u2026","rel":"","context":"\u00cen \u201ereforme\u201d","block_context":{"text":"reforme","link":"https:\/\/wansait.com\/nicuilie\/tag\/reforme\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"School desk are arranged for exam","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wansait.com\/nicuilie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/czNmcy1wcml2YXRlL3Jhd3BpeGVsX2ltYWdlcy93ZWJzaXRlX2NvbnRlbnQvbHIvZmwxMDcxNjAzNzgyMy1pbWFnZS1rd2tmbWxwei5qcGc.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wansait.com\/nicuilie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/czNmcy1wcml2YXRlL3Jhd3BpeGVsX2ltYWdlcy93ZWJzaXRlX2NvbnRlbnQvbHIvZmwxMDcxNjAzNzgyMy1pbWFnZS1rd2tmbWxwei5qcGc.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wansait.com\/nicuilie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/czNmcy1wcml2YXRlL3Jhd3BpeGVsX2ltYWdlcy93ZWJzaXRlX2NvbnRlbnQvbHIvZmwxMDcxNjAzNzgyMy1pbWFnZS1rd2tmbWxwei5qcGc.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wansait.com\/nicuilie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/czNmcy1wcml2YXRlL3Jhd3BpeGVsX2ltYWdlcy93ZWJzaXRlX2NvbnRlbnQvbHIvZmwxMDcxNjAzNzgyMy1pbWFnZS1rd2tmbWxwei5qcGc.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wansait.com\/nicuilie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/czNmcy1wcml2YXRlL3Jhd3BpeGVsX2ltYWdlcy93ZWJzaXRlX2NvbnRlbnQvbHIvZmwxMDcxNjAzNzgyMy1pbWFnZS1rd2tmbWxwei5qcGc.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2209,"url":"https:\/\/wansait.com\/nicuilie\/se-pronunta-noi-clasa-politica\/","url_meta":{"origin":2820,"position":3},"title":"Se pronunta: „Noi, clasa politica!”","author":"Nicu Ilie","date":"ianuarie 14, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"I-am v\u0103zut \u00eentr-un studio pe Petre Roman si pe Adriana Saftoiu pl\u00e2ng\u00e2nd pe umerii \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntului rom\u00e2nesc, c\u00e2t de subfinan\u021bat e s\u0103racul, c\u00e2t de subnutrit, c\u00e2t de trist \u0219i de prostu\u021b. 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